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- Adolf Hitler
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
http://wn.com/Chile -
Constanţa
Constanţa (; historical names: Tomis, or Konstantia, , or Kyustendzha) is the oldest living city in Romania, founded around 600 BC. The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanţa County and the largest city in the region.
http://wn.com/Constanţa -
Côte d'Opale
'''Côte d'Opale''' is the French coast from Calais to Boulogne-sur-Mer. From the coast, England is visible on clear days. The coast is known for its beautiful cliffs such as 'Cape Blanc Nez' and 'Cape Gris Nez'.
http://wn.com/Côte_d'Opale -
Dover
Dover is a town and major ferry port in the home county of Kent, in South East England. It faces France across the narrowest part of the English Channel, and lies south-east of Canterbury; east of Kent's administrative capital Maidstone; and north-east along the coastline from Dungeness and Hastings. The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Dover Calais ferry through the Port of Dover. The surrounding chalk cliffs have become known as the White cliffs of Dover, and the narrow sea passage nearby – the Strait of Dover.
http://wn.com/Dover -
English Channel
The English Channel (, the "sleeve") is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about long and varies in width from at its widest, to only in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some .
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Folkestone, Kent
http://wn.com/Folkestone_Kent -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
La Plata
La Plata () is the capital city of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as well as of the partido of La Plata. The city was planned to serve as the capital of the province after the city of Buenos Aires was declared as the federal district in 1880. Per the , the city proper has a population of 574,369 and its metropolitan area has 694,253 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/La_Plata -
Nord-Pas de Calais
http://wn.com/Nord-Pas_de_Calais -
Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais () is a department in northern France. Its name is the French equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders.
http://wn.com/Pas-de-Calais -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania -
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland -
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire () consisted of the territories and colonies administered directly by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia or Oceania. At the peak of its power, it was one of the largest empires in world history. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was therefore one of the first global empires. It lasted from the 15th century through—in the case of its African holdings—the latter portion of the 20th century. Spain had emerged in the latter 1480s with a personally unified monarchy, by the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs or los Reyes Catolicos: the Queen of Castile and the King of Aragon. Rule was separate but internal and foreign policy was coordinated. In 1492 they completed the Reconquista of the Iberian peninsula following the Battle of Granada against Islamic Moors. The incorporation of Granada to the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon achieved the unification of Spain. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the discovery of America and Europe's eventual colonial engagement in the New World. The Western Hemisphere thereby became the focus of Spanish exploration and colonization.
http://wn.com/Spanish_Empire -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
USA
http://wn.com/USA -
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its roughly northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
http://wn.com/Venezuela -
Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945.
http://wn.com/Adolf_Hitler -
Alexandre Guilmant
Félix-Alexandre Guilmant (12 March 1837 – 29 March 1911) was a French organist and composer.
http://wn.com/Alexandre_Guilmant -
Benoit Haffreingue
Benoit Agathon Haffreingue (1785 - 1871) was a French priest based in Boulogne-sur-Mer. He is known for having rebuilt the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Boulogne-sur-Mer as a result of what he believed was a call from God. Haffreingue was the principal of a private Jesuit boarding school for boys (now known as "Le collège Haffreingue-Chanclaire") in the town which included among it former students the New Zealand architect Francis Petre. He was appointed principal of the college in 1813 by the Vice-chancellor of the Academy of Douai, he remained in this position until his death in 1871.
http://wn.com/Benoit_Haffreingue -
Boii
Boii (Latin plural, singular Boius; Greek ) is the Roman name of an Iron age tribe located at the beginning of their history in central Europe, perhaps in or including the regions that still bear their name: Bavaria and Bohemia. The Roman and Greek historians of the late Roman Republic and Roman Empire considered them to be a Gallic or Celtic tribe; that is, a member of a larger ethnic group in Europe termed the Celts or Gauls. Inscriptions from various locations in their range indicate that the latter spoke languages of the Celtic family. The language of the Boii specifically, however, is not known.
http://wn.com/Boii -
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), born Tiberius Claudius Drusus, then Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus until his accession, was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54 AD. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul, and was the first emperor to be born outside Italy. Afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship with his nephew Caligula in 37 AD. Claudius' infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges of Tiberius' and Caligula's reigns; potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to his being declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family.
http://wn.com/Claudius -
Constant Coquelin
http://wn.com/Constant_Coquelin -
English people
The English (from ) are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens.
http://wn.com/English_people -
Franck Ribéry
Franck Ribéry (; born 7 April 1983) is a French football player who currently plays for Bundesliga club Bayern Munich.
http://wn.com/Franck_Ribéry -
Frédéric Sauvage
Frédéric Sauvage (20 September 1786 - 17 July 1857) was a French boat builder who carried out early tests of screw-type marine propellers.
http://wn.com/Frédéric_Sauvage -
Georges Mathieu
Georges Mathieu (born January 27, 1921) is a French painter in the style of lyrical abstraction.
http://wn.com/Georges_Mathieu -
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
http://wn.com/Germanic_languages -
John McCrae
Lieutenant Colonel John Alexander McCrae (November 30, 1872 – January 28, 1918) was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I and a surgeon during the battle of Ypres. He is best known for writing the famous war memorial poem "In Flanders Fields".
http://wn.com/John_McCrae -
José de San Martin
http://wn.com/José_de_San_Martin -
José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
http://wn.com/José_de_San_Martín -
L. L. Zamenhof
Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof ( in English; born Leyzer Leyvi Zamengov, December 15, 1859 – April 14, 1917) was an ophthalmologist, philologist, and the inventor of Esperanto, a constructed language designed for international communication.
http://wn.com/L_L_Zamenhof -
Latino
http://wn.com/Latino -
Léo Marjane
Léo Marjane (born Thérèse Gérard, 27 August 1912 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais) is a French singer who reached the peak of her popularity in the late 1930s and early 1940s, before her career went into sharp decline after the end of World War II.
http://wn.com/Léo_Marjane -
Matilda of Boulogne
:This article is about Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne. For another Countess of Boulogne named Matilda, see Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne. For her other namesakes, see Matilda of Boulogne (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Matilda_of_Boulogne -
Maurice Boitel
Maurice Boitel (July 31, 1919 – August 11, 2007 in Audresselles, Pas-de-Calais), was a French painter.
http://wn.com/Maurice_Boitel -
Mickaël Bourgain
Mickaël Bourgain (born 28 May 1980 in Boulogne-sur-Mer) is a French track cyclist, who won a bronze medal in the men's team sprint race at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens together with Laurent Gané and Arnaud Tournant.
http://wn.com/Mickaël_Bourgain -
Morini
The Morini were a Belgic tribe in the time of the Roman Empire. We know little about their language but one of their cities, Boulogne-sur-Mer was called Bononia by Zosimus and Bonen in the Middle Ages. Zosimus mentioned the Low Germanic character of the city (Bononia germanorum). Their civitas during the Roman Empire was Tarwanna or Tervanna, Thérouanne (Terwaan in Dutch), today in France.
http://wn.com/Morini -
Olivier Latry
Olivier Latry was born in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France on 22 February 1962 and is a French organist, improviser and Professor of Organ in the Conservatoire de Paris.
http://wn.com/Olivier_Latry -
Simon Bolivar
http://wn.com/Simon_Bolivar -
Sophie Daumier
Sophie Daumier (24 November 1934 – 1 January 2004) was a French film actress. She appeared in 28 films between 1956 and 1979.
http://wn.com/Sophie_Daumier -
Zosimus
Zosimus (; fl. 490s-510s) was a Byzantine historian, who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I (491-518). According to Photius, he was a comes, and held the office of "advocate" of the imperial treasury.
http://wn.com/Zosimus
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Booba-Le Duc de Boulogne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Published: 07 Feb 2007
- Updated: 15 May 2012
nouveau Booba le duc de boulogne
http://wn.com/Booba-Le_Duc_de_Boulogne
Prostitution - Samantha au Bois De Boulogne 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:42
- Published: 22 Aug 2011
- Updated: 09 May 2012
Au coeur de la vie de Samantha, 35 ans, prostituée au bois de boulogne depuis 15 ans. A travers ce reportage, nous découvrons sa vie, ses soucis, ses clients, ses activités. Rien à voir avec Zahia ou d'autres dont le métier les a menées dans des palaces luxueux, non. Samantha, elle, nous accueille à Pigalle pour nous emmener au bois de boulogne où elle travaille en tant que "traditionnelle". @Direct8 pour les droits.
http://wn.com/Prostitution__Samantha_au_Bois_De_Boulogne_1/2
Zoxea - Boulogne Tristesse {Dispo iTunes, Fnac, Virgin, Amazon, etc.}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 29 Mar 2011
- Updated: 13 May 2012
Boulogne Tristesse est le premier extrait de Tout dans la Tête et le premier épisode d'une trilogie de clips avec Comme un Lion et Showtime. Réalisation : Tashi Bharucha Production : Wanda Tout dans la Tête est maintenant disponible dans les magasins Fnac, Virgin, chez Amazon, sur iTunes et tous les bons disquaires. Sur iTunes : itunes.apple.com Pour suivre l'actualité de Zoxea en temps réel, rendez-vous sur : - Facebook : www.facebook.com - Twitter : www.twitter.com Pour toute requête (presse, booking, etc.), écrivez à KDBZIK via contact@kdbzik.com. Boulogne Tristesse Paroles et Musique : Jean-Jacques Kodjo I L'école de rap la plus talentueuse de la nation Beat de Boulogne Malheureusement n'aura jamais la consécration Tu veux savoir pourquoi Mélange la haine et la passion L'amour l'injustice Et t'auras la réponse à ta question Oui trop d'gachis car trop d'anarchie Encore pire qu'à Marcy Maintenant tout le monde vit en autarcie On aurait pu contrôler la ville Zox commandant du navire Mais des pirates ont fait en sorte qu'on chavire Demande à Namir C'qu'ont apporté les Sages Poètes de la Rue Pour le quartier en c'qui concerne la zikmu Et ya pas qu'ça gars On était une mafia Fin de la saga A l'époque Malekal C'était Mala Brams moi Issaka Certains rappeurs nous regardent d'un air moqueur Se disent heureusement qu'ils ont eu un problème mécanique dans l'moteur Pas d'haine au cœur quand j'revois nos maladresses Et qu'je baisse mes yeux vers la tesse Refrain Boulogne tristesse <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Zoxea__Boulogne_Tristesse_{Dispo_iTunes,_Fnac,_Virgin,_Amazon,_etc}
ANGERS SCO - USBCO BOULOGNE 2-1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 12 May 2012
- Updated: 12 May 2012
BUTS. Angers : Frikèche (3'), Doré (72'). Boulogne : Reale (88').
http://wn.com/ANGERS_SCO__USBCO_BOULOGNE_2-1
USBCO B - Issy-les-Moulineaux
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Published: 12 May 2012
- Updated: 12 May 2012
USBCO B 4 -1 Issy-les-Moulineaux CFA 2 - Groupe A 12/05/12
http://wn.com/USBCO_B__Issy-les-Moulineaux
Prostitution : reportage au bois de Boulogne - Enfants d'Abraham/Direct8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 22 Oct 2009
- Updated: 13 May 2012
Retrouvez les émissions dans leur intégralité sur le Blog des Enfants d'Abraham : www.enfantsdabraham.fr / Direct8.fr Reportage de M.MURCIANO / N.BANOUN / M.ADDA / G.CORDARO
http://wn.com/Prostitution__reportage_au_bois_de_Boulogne__Enfants_d'Abraham/Direct8
Boulogne-Billancourt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Published: 27 Oct 2011
- Updated: 04 May 2012
De la bourgade des Menus dominée par son église médiévale, jusqu'à l'unique ferme de Billancourt, la ville tisse lentement son territoire avec, première affirmation de l'identité boulonnaise, l'église Notre-Dame, érigée au XIVe, comme un pendant du pèlerinage de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Lorsque Boulogne-sur-Seine prend le nom de Boulogne-Billancourt en 1926, cette union officialise une réalité souhaitée par le baron Haussmann dès 1859, rattacher Boulogneà Billancourt. Le lieu de villégiature, le territoire dévolu à l'agriculture et à l'élevage cède la place à l'industrie et au commerce. L'activité traditionnelle de la ville, la blanchisserie, dépasse le stade artisanal pour se muer en petites et moyennes entreprises. Liée à l'essor de la population, l'industrie du bâtiment voit prospérer des manufactures spécialisées dans les décors muraux. Ce sont les industries automobile, aéronautique et cinématographique qui permettent à la ville, entre 1880 et 1914, d'entrer dans une spirale ascendante :Étienne-Jules Marey invente la chronophotographie, Louis Renault construit sa première voiture en 1898, les frères Voisin, Louis Blériot et les frères Farman jettent les bases de l'industrie aéronautique, les premiers studios de cinéma voient le jour en 1912. Aux portes de Paris, une modeste cité devient le centre de toutes les mobilités. Érigé par Tony Garnier en 1934, l'hôtel de ville constitue un point focal par le choix stratégique de son emplacement. Il représente un parti‑pris <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Boulogne-Billancourt
KOP BOULOGNE 1985 + Skinheads, PSG, Daniel Riolo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:48
- Published: 26 Oct 2011
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Le KOP de Boulogne + le KLAN + LUIS FERNANDEZ et DOMINIQUE ROCHETEAU qui rencontrent les supporters. Fabian. ETC....... Dédicace à DANIEL RIOLO de RMC Une autre video sur les hools de WEST HAM UNITED qui date de 1985. www.dailymotion.com
http://wn.com/KOP_BOULOGNE_1985_+_Skinheads,_PSG,_Daniel_Riolo
Prostitution - Samantha au Bois De Boulogne 2/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:18
- Published: 22 Aug 2011
- Updated: 08 May 2012
Au coeur de la vie de Samantha, 35 ans, prostituée au bois de boulogne depuis 15 ans. A travers ce reportage, nous découvrons sa vie, ses soucis, ses clients, ses activités. Rien à voir avec Zahia ou d'autres dont le métier les a menées dans des palaces luxueux, non. Samantha, elle, nous accueille à Pigalle pour nous emmener au bois de boulogne où elle travaille en tant que "traditionnelle". @Direct8 pour les droits.
http://wn.com/Prostitution__Samantha_au_Bois_De_Boulogne_2/2
PSG-Montpellier: Auteuil en feu (vu de Boulogne)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Published: 19 Feb 2012
- Updated: 03 Apr 2012
Birdy Nam Nam Trans Boulogne Express
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 08 Sep 2009
- Updated: 14 May 2012
Birdy Nam Nam - Transboulogne Express Soundtrack From The Transporteur 3
http://wn.com/Birdy_Nam_Nam_Trans_Boulogne_Express
Kop Of Boulogne - PSG Ultras
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Published: 22 Nov 2011
- Updated: 05 May 2012
Kop Of Boulogne et l'ensemble des assos' et indep's de la fameuse tribune Boulogne
http://wn.com/Kop_Of_Boulogne__PSG_Ultras
US Boulogne 1 - 3 SC Bastia Ligue 2 10eme journee (2011-2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Published: 04 Oct 2011
- Updated: 19 Mar 2012
US Boulogne 1 - 3 SC Bastia Ligue 2, 10eme journee Buts: Boulogne: 43' Alexis Allart. Bastia: 20' Féthi Harek, 65' Jérémy Choplin, 89' Sadio Diallo
http://wn.com/US_Boulogne_1__3_SC_Bastia_Ligue_2_10eme_journee_2011-2012
US Boulogne CO - RC LENS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Published: 08 Jul 2011
- Updated: 10 Jul 2011
Match amical 08/07/11 Le Touquet
http://wn.com/US_Boulogne_CO__RC_LENS
X 5 VSAV + VSR + VTU Sapeur Pompier Boulogne sur mer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Published: 07 Nov 2011
- Updated: 07 May 2012
2 premier VSAV départ pour AVP avec VSR et POLICE arrivé sur place . [ Touts droits réservé a l'auteur ]
http://wn.com/X_5_VSAV_+_VSR_+_VTU_Sapeur_Pompier_Boulogne_sur_mer
Semi-marathon Boulogne Billancourt - édition 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Published: 20 Nov 2011
- Updated: 15 Feb 2012
21.1 kilomètres
http://wn.com/Semi-marathon_Boulogne_Billancourt__édition_2011
Wapiti : On est de Boulogne {Haute qualité}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Updated: 16 Apr 2012
On est d'boulogne !
http://wn.com/Wapiti__On_est_de_Boulogne_{Haute_qualité}
For Sale! 2012 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Nomad Pearl Boulogne Green and Metallic Spark Black
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Published: 03 Feb 2012
- Updated: 14 May 2012
MSRP $15799.00. Enjoy this overview of the 2012 KawasakiVulcan 1700 Nomad. Looking to purchase one of these bikes? Give us a call today for current pricing details! Call 409-948-4969. We are a motivated dealer and we want to earn your business. We are easy to do deal with! We believe buying a motorcycle should be fun!For more information, please visit: www.mainlandcyclecenter.com Mainland Cycle Center 4009 Fleming Street LaMarque, TX 77568 409.948.4969 www.mainlandcyclecenter.com
http://wn.com/For_Sale!_2012_Kawasaki_Vulcan_1700_Nomad_Pearl_Boulogne_Green_and_Metallic_Spark_Black
Joseph Boulogne, Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges - L'amant anonyme (1780) - Ballet no 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 30 Dec 2008
- Updated: 14 May 2012
www.youtube.com for STEREO SOUND. Joseph Boulogne (1745 - 1799) was the son of a French aristocrat and an African slave woman. He is considered to be one of the first composers to write music in the western tradition with African ancestry. Here is part of a ballet he wrote in 1780. Performed by Tafelmusik Orchestra conducted by Jeanne Lamon.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Boulogne,_Le_Chevalier_de_Saint-Georges__L'amant_anonyme_1780__Ballet_no_1
Résumé Lens Boulogne 16/09/11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 17 Sep 2011
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Résumé du match de la 6ème journée de Ligue 2 opposant le Racing Club de Lens à L'Union Sportive de Boulogne Côte d'Opale
http://wn.com/Résumé_Lens_Boulogne_16/09/11
Boulogne-sur-Mer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 08 Apr 2011
- Updated: 23 Feb 2012
Boulogne-sur-Mer, late 2010. Starting from the old town walls area then heading downhill towards the seafront.
http://wn.com/Boulogne-sur-Mer
Alpha 5.20 - La duchesse de boulogne ft balastik dogg (best of)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Published: 12 Sep 2011
- Updated: 22 Apr 2012
Alpha 5.20 - la duchesse de boulogne - Ben laden D'Afrique Disponible en téléchargement sur www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Alpha_520__La_duchesse_de_boulogne_ft_balastik_dogg_best_of
USBCO B - Calais RUFC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Published: 07 Apr 2012
- Updated: 07 May 2012
USBCO B 2 - 0 Calais RUFC CFA 2 - Groupe A 07/04/12
http://wn.com/USBCO_B__Calais_RUFC
AP / Michel Euler
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Creative Commons / Remi Jouan![Édouard Manet: Racecourse in the Bois de Boulogne (1872) In the Bois the Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI's brother, built the Château de Bagatelle. The site was made into a park by Napoleon III in 1852, and was financed by selling building lots along the north end of the Bois, in Neuilly,[3] Landscaped under the direction of the Baron Haussmann, in the following years it was informally landscaped with open lawns and woodlands of hornbeam, beech, linden, cedar, chestnut and elm trees and hardy exotic s](http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/0a/0e/afdb55b4e7d3ae97ddc460d19b8e_small.jpg "Édouard Manet: Racecourse in the Bois de Boulogne (1872) In the Bois the Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI's brother, built the Château de Bagatelle. The site was made into a park by Napoleon III in 1852, and was financed by selling building lots along the north end of the Bois, in Neuilly,[3] Landscaped under the direction of the Baron Haussmann, in the following years it was informally landscaped with open lawns and woodlands of hornbeam, beech, linden, cedar, chestnut and elm trees and hardy exotic s")
Creative Commons / Sammlung J. H. Whitney
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AP / Michel Spingler
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AP Photo/Michel Spingler
![Édouard Manet: Racecourse in the Bois de Boulogne (1872) In the Bois the Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI's brother, built the Château de Bagatelle. The site was made into a park by Napoleon III in 1852, and was financed by selling building lots along the north end of the Bois, in Neuilly,[3] Landscaped under the direction of the Baron Haussmann, in the following years it was informally landscaped with open lawns and woodlands of hornbeam, beech, linden, cedar, chestnut and elm trees and hardy exotic s](http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/0a/0e/afdb55b4e7d3ae97ddc460d19b8e_medium.jpg "Édouard Manet: Racecourse in the Bois de Boulogne (1872) In the Bois the Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI's brother, built the Château de Bagatelle. The site was made into a park by Napoleon III in 1852, and was financed by selling building lots along the north end of the Bois, in Neuilly,[3] Landscaped under the direction of the Baron Haussmann, in the following years it was informally landscaped with open lawns and woodlands of hornbeam, beech, linden, cedar, chestnut and elm trees and hardy exotic s")
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| Name | Boulogne-Sur-Mer |
|---|---|
| Region | Nord-Pas de Calais |
| Department | Pas-de-Calais |
| Image coat of arms | Blason ville fr Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais).svg |
| Arrondissement | Boulogne-sur-Mer |
| Insee | 62160 |
| Postal code | 62200 |
| Demonym | Boulonnais |
| Mayor | Frédéric Cuvillier |
| Term | 2008–2014 |
| Intercommunality | Communauté d'agglomération du Boulonnais |
| Longitude | 1.61472222222 |
| Latitude | 50.7263888889 |
| Area km2 | 8.42 |
| Population | 44859 |
| Population date | 1999 }} |
Name
The name Boulogne was first recorded during the Roman Empire as ''Bononia'', possibly a derivative of the root found in the Germanic word ''bona'' meaning "plank floor", related to "Bühne", German for theater stage and also found in Vindobona, the Roman name for Vienna. A "bona" was probably a granary. This derivation is also found in the name of the Italian city of Bologna. This city was founded by the celtic Boii. "Sur mer" is French meaning "on the sea".
History
Origin of the city
Originally named ''Gesoriacum'' and probably also to be identified with Portus Itius, by the 4th century Boulogne was known to the Romans as ''Bononia'' and served as the major port connecting the rest of the empire to Britain. The emperor Claudius used this town as his base for the Roman invasion of Britain, in AD 43, and until 296 it was the base of the ''Classis Britannica''. Zosimus called the city "germanorum", Germanic speaking, at the end of the 4th century. The city was an important town of the Morini.
Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages it was the centre of a namesake county. The area was fought over by the French and the English and Boulogne was occupied by the English from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The Peace of Boulogne ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns.
The Napoleonic period
In the 19th century the Cathedral of Notre-Dame was reconstructed by the priest Benoit Haffreingue after he received a call from God to reconstruct the town's ruined basilica. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon amassed La Grande Armée in Boulogne to invade the United Kingdom in 1805. However, his plans were halted by other European matters and the supremacy of the Royal Navy (including thousands of Congreve rockets ).
The two world wars
On 22 May 1940 during the Battle of France, two British Guards battalions and some pioneers attempted to defend Bolougne against an attack by the German 2nd Panzer Division. Despite fierce fighting, the British were overwhelmed and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct German gunfire. On June 15, 1944, 297 planes (155 Avro Lancasters, 130 Handley Page Halifaxes, and 12 De Havilland Mosquitos) of the Royal Air Force bombed Boulogne harbour to suppress German naval activity following D-Day. Some of the Lancasters carried Tallboy bombs. As a result, the harbour and the surrounding area were completely destroyed. In August, 1944 the town had been declared a "fortress" by Adolf Hitler, but it succumbed to assault and liberation by the 3rd Canadian Division in September. In one incident, a French civilian guided the Canadians to a "secret passage" leading into the walled old town and by-passing the German defenders.To replace the destroyed urban infrastructure, affordable housing and public facility projects in functional, brutalist building styles were carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The harbour therefore sometimes proves to be a disappointment to tourists looking for a typical northern French harbour scene.
Main sights
Official website: Tourism in Boulogne sur Mer Official website: Tourism in Boulogne sur Mer and the Boulonnais region
Economy
Boulogne-sur-Mer is the most important fishing port in France. 7,000 inhabitants derive part or all of their livelihoods from fishing.IFREMER (the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) and the Pasteur Institute are located in Boulogne Port.
Certain brands, including Crown and Findus, are based in Boulogne
Media
Events
In the year 1905 the First Esperanto Universal Congress was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer. L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, was among the attendees. In the year 2005 there was a great anniversary meeting with more than 500 attendees.
Administration
{| align="center" rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom: 2px solid #999; background: #f3fff3" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| List of Mayors |-style="background: #ddffdd" ! Duration !! Name !! Party !! Particularities |- |align=right| 2008–2014 || Frédéric Cuvillier ||align="center"|PS || Deputy |- |align=right| 2004–2008 || Frédéric Cuvillier ||align="center"|PS || Deputy |- |align=right| 1996–2004 || Guy Lengagne ||align="center"|PS || Deputy |- |align=right| 1989–1996 || Jean Muselet ||align="center"|Conservative || |- |align=right| 1977–1989 || Guy Lengagne ||align="center"|PS || Deputy, Minister |- |align=right| 1945–1977 || Henri Henneguelle ||align="center"|PS || |- |colspan="4" align="center" | ''Past mayors are unknown.'' |}
Population
Transport
Road
Rail
Water
Education
Boulogne sur Mer is famous for hosting one of the oldest ''Universités de l'été'' - summer courses in French language and culture.The Saint-Louis building of the University of the Côte d'Opale's Boulogne campus opened its doors in 1991, on the site of the former St. Louis hospital, the front entrance to which remains a predominant architectural feature. Its 6 major specialisms are Modern Languages, French Literature, Sport, Law, History and Economics. The University is situated in the town centre, about 5 minutes from the Boulogne Tintelleries train station.
University
Public primary and secondary
Private primary and secondary
Entertainment
There is one theatre, the Théatre Monsigny, and two cinemas.
Health
Two health centres are located in Boulogne, the public Hospital Duchenne and the private Clinique de la côte d'opale.
Sports
Football
Basketball
Other sports
Culture
Historic emigration in the 19th century from the Nord-Pas de Calais region to Argentina, Chile, Peru and Venezuela can explain some cultural ties with South America of the ''Boulognais'' and Latino/Ibero-American culture.
Food
As an international maritime port on the English Channel (''La Manche''), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has European and American influences in local cuisine. They include:
Notable people
Born in Boulogne
Others associated with Boulogne
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Boulogne-sur-Mer is twinned with: Constanţa, Romania Folkestone, United Kingdom La Plata, Argentina Zweibrücken, Germany - since 1959
See also
References
External links
INSEE IGN
Category:Communes of Pas-de-Calais Category:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom Category:Port cities and towns in France Category:Ports and harbours of Nord-Pas-de-Calais Category:Walled towns
ar:بولوني سور مير an:Boulogne-sur-Mer br:Boulogne-sur-Mer bg:Булон сюр Мер ca:Boulogne-sur-Mer ceb:Boulogne-sur-Mer cs:Boulogne-sur-Mer cy:Boulogne-sur-Mer da:Boulogne de:Boulogne-sur-Mer el:Βουλώνη es:Boulogne-sur-Mer eo:Boulogne-sur-Mer eu:Boulogne-sur-Mer fa:بولونی سور مر fr:Boulogne-sur-Mer id:Boulogne-sur-Mer is:Boulogne-sur-Mer it:Boulogne-sur-Mer sw:Boulogne-sur-Mer la:Gesoriacum lt:Pajūrio Bulonė li:Boulogne-sur-Mer mg:Boulogne-sur-Mer ms:Boulogne-sur-Mer nl:Boulogne-sur-Mer ja:ブローニュ＝シュル＝メール no:Boulogne-sur-Mer nn:Boulogne-sur-Mer oc:Bolònha de Mar pcd:Boulonne pms:Boulogne-sur-Mer pl:Boulogne-sur-Mer pt:Bolonha-sobre-o-Mar ro:Boulogne-sur-Mer ru:Булонь-сюр-Мер simple:Boulogne-sur-Mer sk:Boulogne-sur-Mer sl:Boulogne-sur-Mer sr:Булоњ сир Мер sh:Boulogne-sur-Mer fi:Boulogne-sur-Mer sv:Boulogne-sur-Mer ta:போலோன் uk:Булонь-сюр-Мер vec:Boulogne-sur-Mer vi:Boulogne-sur-Mer vo:Boulogne-sur-Mer vls:Bonen war:Boulogne-sur-Mer zh:滨海布洛涅This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
The Joseph Bo(u)logne, Chevalier de Saint-George (sometimes erroneously spelled Saint-Georges) (December 25, 1745 – June 10, 1799) was one of the most important figures in the Paris musical scene in the second half of the 18th century, he was also famous as a swordsman and equestrian. Known as the "black Mozart" he was one of the earliest musicians of the European classical type known to have African ancestry.
''Ernestine'' (1777)
''La partie de la chasse'' (1778)
''La fille-garçon'' (1787)
''Aline et Dupré'' (1788)
''Guillaume tout coeur'' (1790)
''L’amant anonyme'' (1780)
AFKA 557 - Quartetto Concertans 1777
String Quartet No. 7 in B flat major - G 067
String Quartet No. 8 in G minor - G 068
String Quartet No. 9 in C major - G 069
String Quartet No.10 in F major - G 070
String Quartet No.11 in G major - G 071
String Quartet No.12 in B flat major - G 072
Coleridge String Quartet - String Quartet
Arion 55445 - Sonates pour violon
Sonata for keyboard & violin in A major - G 077
Variations for keyboard & violin in G major - G 089
Sonata for keyboard & violin in B flat major - G 076
Sonata for keyboard & violin in G minor - G 078
Kantorow, Jean-Jacques - Violin
Haudebourg, Brigitte - Harpsichord
Assai 222622 - Six quatuors à cordes Op. 14
String Quartet Op. 14 No.6 in G minor - G 196
String Quartet Op. 14 No.1 in D major - G 191
String Quartet Op. 14 No.3 in F minor - G 193
String Quartet Op. 14 No.4 in G major - G 194
String Quartet Op. 14 No.2 in B flat major - G 192
String Quartet Op. 14 No.5 in E flat major - G 195
Quatuor Atlantis - String Quartet
Avenira 9985 - Symphonies & Violin Concertos vol 1
Symphony Op. 11 No.2 in D major - G 074
Violin Concerto Op. 3 No.1 in D major - G 027
Violin Concerto Op. 1 No. 1 in D major - G 010
Violin Concerto Op. 2 No.2 in D major - G 026
Vilimec, Miroslav - Violin
Radio Symphony Orchestra Pilsen
Avenira 9986 - Symphonies & Violin Concertos vol 2
Violin Concerto Op. 8 in G major - G 050
Violin Concerto Op. 4 in D major - G 029
Violin Concerto Op. 2 No.1 in G major - G 025
Vilimec, Miroslav - Violin
Radio Symphony Orchestra Pilsen
Avenira 9987 - Symphonies & Violin Concertos vol 3
Symphony Concertante Op. 9 No.2 in A major - G 066
Violin Concerto Op. 5 No.1 in C major - G 031
Symphony Concertante in E flat major - G 023
Violin Concerto Op. 7 No.2 in B flat major - G 040
Vilimec, Miroslav - Violin
Radio Symphony Orchestra Pilsen
Avenira 9988 - Symphonies & Violin Concertos vol 4
Symphony Concertante Op. 10 No.1 in F major - G 064
Violin Concerto Op. 5 No.2 in A major - G 032
Symphony Concertante in G major - G 024
Violin Concerto Op. 1 No.10 in D major - G 021
Vilimec, Miroslav - Violin
Radio Symphony Orchestra Pilsen
Avenira 9989 - Symphonies & Violin Concertos vol 5
Symphony Concertante Op. 9 No.1 in C major - G 065
Violin Concerto Op. 3 No.2 in A minor - G 028
Symphony Concertante Op. 10 No.2 in A major - G 049
Violin Concerto Op. 1 No.11 in G major - G 022
Vilimec, Miroslav - Violin
Radio Symphony Orchestra Pilsen
BNL 112934 - Les 10 Sonates pour clavecin
Harpsichord Sonata No.11 in C major - G 088
Harpsichord Sonata No. 2 in G minor - G 085
Harpsichord Sonata No. 9 in D major - G 087
Harpsichord Sonata No. 3 in D major - G 079
Harpsichord Sonata No. 5 in B flat major - G 081
Harpsichord Sonata No. 1 in C major - G 080
Harpsichord Sonata No. 6 in E flat major - G 086
Harpsichord Sonata No. 4 in D major - G 083
Harpsichord Sonata No. 8 in D major - G 084
Harpsichord Sonata No.10 in F major - G 082
Robert, Anne - Harpsichord
CBC 5225 - Le Mozart Noir
Symphony Op. 11 No.1 in G major - G 073
L'amant anonyme - G 075
Violin Concerto Op. 3 No.1 in D major - G 027
with works by Leclair and Gossec
Tafelmusik
Lamon, Jeanne - Conductor
Naxos 8.555040 - Saint-Georges: Violin Concertos Op. 5, Nos. 1-2 and Op. 8
Cologne Chamber Orchestra, Helmut Mueller-Bruehl;
Takako Nishizaki, violin
Naxos 8.557322 - Saint-Georges: Violin Concertos No. 1, Op. 3 and Nos. 2 and 10
Toronto Camerata, Kevin Mallon;
Qian Zhou, violin
Gabriel Banat, The Chevalier de Saint-Georges: Virtuoso of the Sword and the Bow, Pendragon Press, 2006 (ISBN 1-57647-109-8)
Daniel Marciano, Le chevalier de Saint-Georges, le fils de Noémie, Thespis (ISBN 2-9521894-1-2)
ScérEn-CRDP de la Guadeloupe et Association pour l'Étude de la vie et de l'œuvre du Chevalier de Saint-George, Le Chevalier de Saint-George, 2005, ouvrage collectif
Emil F. Smidak, Joseph Boulogne, nommé Chevalier de Saint-Georges, Lucerne, Avenira Foundation, 1996 (ISBN 3-905112-08-6)
Alain Le Bihan, Francs-maçons et ateliers parisiens de la Grande Loge de France au XVIIIe siècle : 1760-1795, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, 1973
Luc Nemeth, « Un état civil chargé d'enjeux : Saint-George, 1745-1799 », Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n. 339, janvier 2005, pp. 79–97.
Alain Guédé, ''Monsieur de Saint-George: Virtuoso, Swordsman, Revolutionary''. New York: Picador, 2003.
Leslie Bethell, The Cambridge history of Latin America, Volume I, Colonial Latin America, published by Cambridge University Press, 1984 (ISBN 0-521-23223-6, 9780521232234)
Joseph Boulogne - Chevalier de Saint-George, 1745 - 1799
Le Mozart Noir Film: Reviving a Legend
Life and list of works
Fameuxchevalier.net
Chevalierdesaintgeorge.com,
Chevalierdesaintgeorges.homestead.com
Youth
Joseph Bologne was born in Guadeloupe to Nanon, a Wolof former slave, and a white French plantation owner, Georges Bologne de Saint-George. Although his father called himself ‘de Saint-George’, after one of his properties, he was not born into the nobility. Some biographers have mistaken him for Pierre Tavernier-Boulogne, ''controlleur général'' of finance, whose nobility dated back to the 15th century. The confusion surrounding the nobility of Saint-George' father originated with Roger de Beauvoir’s novel of 1840 ("Le Chevalier de Saint-George"). However, Georges Bologne was not ennobled until 1757, when he acquired the title of ''Gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du roi''.In 1747 George Bologne was accused unjustly of murder and fled to France with Nanon and her child to prevent their being sold. After two years he was granted a royal pardon and the family returned to Guadeloupe. In 1753, George took Joseph, who was then eight, to France permanently where he was enrolled in a private academy.
At the age of 13 Saint-George became a pupil of La Boëssière, a master of arms, and excelled in all physical exercises, especially fencing. When still a student, Saint-George beat Alexandre Picard, a fencing-master of Rouen, who had mocked him as ‘La Boëssière’s upstart mulatto’, and was rewarded by his father with a horse and buggy. He also studied literature and horseback riding, and became an exceptional violinist.
On graduating at the age of 19, he was made a ''Gendarme de la Garde du Roi'' (member of the royal guard) and knighted. After the end of the Seven Years' War, George Bologne returned to his Guadeloupe plantations, leaving his son with a handsome annuity. The young chevalier became the darling of fashionable society; all contemporary accounts speak of his romantic conquests. In 1766 the Italian fencer Giuseppe Faldoni came to Paris to challenge Saint-George. Faldoni won, but proclaimed Saint-George the finest swordsman in Europe.
Career
He studied music in Saint-Domingue with the black violinist Joseph Platon before emigrating to Paris in 1752. The teacher, Platon, played an unspecified Saint-George violin concerto at Port-au-Prince (Haiti) on April 25, 1780.After 1764, works dedicated to him by Lolli and Gossec suggest that Gossec was his composition teacher and that Lolli taught him violin. Saint-George’s technical approach was similar to that of Gaviniés, who may also have taught him. In 1769 he became a member of Gossec’s new orchestra, the Concert des Amateurs, at the Hôtel de Soubise, and was soon named its leader. While still a young man, he acquired multiple reputations; as the best swordsman in France, as a violin virtuoso, and as a composer in the classical tradition. He composed and conducted for the private orchestra and theatre of the marquise de Montesson, the morganatic wife of the King's cousin, Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. In 1771, he was appointed maestro of the Concert des Amateurs, and later director of the Concert de la Loge Olympique, the biggest orchestra of his time (65-70 musicians). This orchestra commissioned Joseph Haydn to compose six symphonies (the "Paris Symphonies" Nr. 82-87), which Saint-George conducted for their world premiere. Renowned both for his skill as a composer and musician, he was selected for appointment as the director of the Royal Opera of Louis XVI. But this was prevented by three Parisian divas who petitioned the King in writing against the appointment, insisting that it would be beneath their dignity and injurious to their professional reputations for them to sing on stage under the direction of a "mulatto".
Thwarted in his musical career, Saint-George earned fresh renown as a competitive fencer. He had already been dubbed "chevalier" by appreciative crowds at the Palais Royal. There is a famous portrait of him crossing swords in an exhibition match with the daring transvestite spy, the Chevalier d'Eon, in the presence of George of Hanover, the Prince of Wales and Britain's future king.
Like many others associated with the aristocracy and the court at Versailles, Saint-George served in the army of the Revolution against France's foreign enemies, although he is not known to have joined the domestic revolutionary struggle prior to the imprisonment of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. He was appointed the first black colonel of the French army, and commanded a regiment of a thousand free colored volunteers, largely consisting of former slaves from the region of his birth. Repeatedly denounced, however, because of his aristocratic parentage and past association with the royal court, he was later expelled from the army, arrested, and jailed for nearly a year. After the revolution, he was entrusted with the leadership of the orchestra of the Royal Palace. He died in Paris in 1799.
Music
In 1787, Saint-George conducted the premières of Joseph Haydn's six "Paris symphonies." Marie-Antoinette had them performed several nights in a row, such that one of these symphonies, No. 85, was subtitled "The Queen," in her honor.
Mozart stayed in Paris in 1778 during the time of Saint-George's triumph.
Saint-George's second opera, ''La Chasse'' (''The Hunt'', now lost), first performed on October 12, 1778, was enthusiastically received by the audience and the press alike.
Saint-George owed his fame as much to his virtuosity as for his compositions. His concertos attracted crowds to the Hôtel de Soubise (current headquarters of the National Archives), and to performances by the Concert des Amateurs (eighty musicians), led by Saint-George. The composer's operas (including one for which the libretto was written by Choderlos de Laclos) had undeniably popularity at the Italian Comedy. Saint-George's qualities as a conductor were such that his orchestras were considered to be among the best in Europe.
Saint-George and Racism
During the 17th century, the increase in the black population in France became a political issue. In order to protect their trade, slave owners and traders demanded that the King maintain racial separation. The Code Noir, a book of laws pertaining to blacks, was issued in response to these concerns. The philosopher Voltaire was among those who argued that Africans and their descendants were genetically inferior to white Europeans.On April 5, 1762, King Louis XV decreed that peoples of color (nègres and mulattos) must register with the clerk of the Admiralty within two months. Saint-George's mother, Nanon, registered herself; she was 34 at the time of registration. On May 10, 1762, La Boissière registered Saint-George as Joseph de Boulogne.
Saint-George would pay dearly as the first black colonel of the French Army, in its fight for the Revolution. With his legion, he arrested General Miaczinski in Lille, thwarting the betrayal of Dumouriez. However, Saint-George was dismissed on September 25, 1793, accused of using public funds for personal gain. He was acquitted after spending 18 months in jail.
After the revolution, abandoned by his former protectors, Saint-George continued to lead orchestras, but his standard of living was considerably diminished compared to the extraordinary luxury in which he had lived under the monarchy.
Joseph de Boulogne - Le Chevalier de Saint-George died in 1799 at the age of 54. In the ensuing 200 years, he fell into obscurity. Critics accuse French cultural institutions of having deliberately ignored and minimized the importance of Saint-George, on the basis of his ethnic background.
Selected works
Saint-George wrote symphonies, roughly 25 concertos for violin and orchestra, string quartets, sonatas, and songs in the style of Mozart, Haydn and the composers of the "Mannheim school". He also wrote at least five operas with a possible sixth opera, ''Le droit de seigneur'', disputed among music scholars. Excerpts from his first opera, ''Ernestine'', were also used in an opera pastiche, ''Recueil d’airs et duos'', along with music by other composers.G 2 \ String Quartet Op. 1 No. 1 in C major G 3 \ String Quartet Op. 1 No. 2 in E flat major G 4 \ String Quartet Op. 1 No. 3 in G minor G 5 \ String Quartet Op. 1 No. 4 in C minor G 6 \ String Quartet Op. 1 No. 5 in G minor G 7 \ String Quartet Op. 1 No. 6 in D major G 10 \ Violin Concerto Op. 1 No. 1 in D major G 11 \ Violin Concerto Op. 1 No. 2 in C major G 21 \ Violin Concerto Op. 1 No. 10 in D major G 22 \ Violin Concerto Op. 1 No. 11 in G major G 23 \ Symphony Concertante in E flat major G 24 \ Symphony Concertante in G major G 25 \ Violin Concerto Op. 2 No. 1 in G major G 26 \ Violin Concerto Op. 2 No. 2 in D major G 27 \ Violin Concerto Op. 3 No. 1 in D major G 28 \ Violin Concerto Op. 3 No. 2 in A minor G 29 \ Violin Concerto Op. 4 in D major G 31 \ Violin Concerto Op. 5 No. 1 in C major G 32 \ Violin Concerto Op. 5 No. 2 in A major G 37 \ Symphony Concertante Op. 6 No. 1 in C major G 38 \ Symphony Concertante Op. 6 No. 2 in B flat major G 39 \ Violin Concerto Op. 7 No. 1 in A major G 40 \ Violin Concerto Op. 7 No. 2 in B flat major G 49 \ Symphony Concertante Op. 10 No. 2 in A major G 50 \ Violin Concerto Op. 8 in G major G 64 \ Symphony Concertante Op. 10 No. 1 in F major G 65 \ Symphony Concertante Op. 9 No. 1 in C major G 66 \ Symphony Concertante Op. 9 No. 2 in A major G 67 \ String Quartet No. 7 in B flat major G 68 \ String Quartet No. 8 in G minor G 69 \ String Quartet No. 9 in C major G 70 \ String Quartet No. 10 in F major G 71 \ String Quartet No. 11 in G major G 72 \ String Quartet No. 12 in B flat major G 73 \ Symphony Op. 11 No. 1 in G major G 74 \ Symphony Op. 11 No. 2 in D major G 75 \ L'amant anonyme G 76 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin in B flat major G 77 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin in A major G 78 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin in G minor G 79 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 3 in D major G 80 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 1 in C major G 81 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 5 in B flat major G 82 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 10 in F major G 83 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 4 in D major G 84 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 8 in D major G 85 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 2 in G minor G 86 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 6 in E flat major G 87 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 9 in D major G 88 \ Harpsichord Sonata No. 11 in C major G 89 \ Variations for keyboard & violin in G major G 191 \ String Quartet Op. 14 No. 1 in D major G 192 \ String Quartet Op. 14 No. 2 in B flat major G 193 \ String Quartet Op. 14 No. 3 in F minor G 194 \ String Quartet Op. 14 No. 4 in G major G 195 \ String Quartet Op. 14 No. 5 in E flat major G 196 \ String Quartet Op. 14 No. 6 in G minor G 209 \ Violin Sonata Op. posth. 1 No. 1 in B flat major G 210 \ Violin Sonata Op. posth. 1 No. 2 in E flat major G 211 \ Violin Sonata Op. posth. 1 No. 3 in A major G 212 \ Violin Sonata Op. posth. 1 No. 4 G 213 \ Violin Sonata Op. posth. 1 No. 5 G 214 \ Violin Sonata Op. posth. 1 No. 6 G 215 \ Violin Concerto Op. posth. 2 in D major
Operas
Ballet
Selected discography
Notes
References
Pierre Bardin, Joseph de Saint George, le chevalier noir, Guénégaud, 2006 (ISBN 2-85023-126-6) Claude Ribbe, Le Chevalier de Saint-George, Paris, Perrin, 2004 (ISBN 2-262-02002-7)
External links
Category:1745 births Category:1799 deaths Category:French fencers Category:French classical musicians Category:French composers Category:French violinists Category:Opera composers Category:French people of Black African descent Category:French people of Guadeloupean descent
de:Joseph Boulogne fr:Joseph Bologne de Saint-George it:Joseph Boulogne Chevalier de Saint-George nl:Joseph Boulogne Chevalier de Saint-George ja:ジョゼフ・ブローニュ・シュヴァリエ・ド・サン＝ジョルジュ oc:Chevalier de Saint-George pt:Chevalier de Saint-George ru:Болонь де Сен-Жорж, Жозеф fi:Le Chevalier de Saint-GeorgesThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
6:55
For Sale! 2012 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Nomad Pearl Boulogne Green and Metallic Spark Black
mainlandcyclecenter
For Sale! 2012 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Nomad Pearl Boulogne Green and Metallic Spark Black
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Joseph Boulogne, Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges - L'amant anonyme (1780) - Ballet no 1
mozpiano2
Joseph Boulogne, Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges - L'amant anonyme (1780) - Ballet no 1
www.youtube.com for STEREO SOUND. Joseph Boulogne (1745 - 1799) was the son of a French aristocrat and an African slave woman. He is considered to be one of the first composers to write music in the western tradition with African ancestry. Here is part of a ballet he wrote in 1780. Performed by Tafelmusik Orchestra conducted by Jeanne Lamon.
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